Human body

HUMAN BODY (DEND DHANO) 

Human body (dend dhano) is the physical structure that we live in and use to interact with the world around us. It's made up of many different parts(fuonde) that work together to help us move, think, feel, and survive. These parts include organs like the heart, lungs, brain, and stomach, as well as bones, muscles, skin, and blood vessels. Each part has its own job to do, but they all rely on each other to function properly. Just like a machine, our bodies need fuel (food and water) and maintenance (sleep and hygiene) to stay healthy and keep working as they should.

Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships.

EXTRENAL BODY PARTS

External anatomy is all the stuff you can see on the outside of your body, like your skin, hair, eyes, nose, and so on.

Here's a table listing various external body parts and their common names in Dholuo:

This table should help in identifying and understanding the common names of external body parts in Dholuo.

INTERNAL BODY PARTS/ ORGANS

Internal anatomy is what's going on inside your body. It includes all your organs, like your heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines. These organs work together to keep you alive and healthy.

Here's a table listing for internal body parts and their common names in Dholuo:

This should provide a clearer understanding of internal body parts and their corresponding terms in Dholuo.

Human Skin (Pien Dhano)

The skin is the largest body organ. It covers the whole body surface and even continues into many body openings like ni nostrils, mouth and ears.

The main functions of the skin are: 

1. Protection of the underlying tissues from entry of micro-organisms, physical damage and ultra-violet rays from the sun.
2. Synthesis of vitamin A.
3. Regulation of body temperature.
4. Excretion of salts, excess water and traces of urea.
5. Storage of fats.
6. Reception of stimuli like heat, cold, pain and touch and pressure.

Skin is composed of two main layers. These are the upper layer, called the epidermis and the inner layer called the dermis.

The epidermis is made up of three layers, namely; cornified layer, granular layer and malpighian layer.

The dermis is made up of blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, sebaceous glands and sub-cutaneous fat.

The table below shows parts of the mammalian kidney and their common names in luo:

Human Kidney (Adundo Dhano)

The kidney (adundo) is an important organ in the body whose functions are excretion, osmoregulation, ionic balance and regulation of pH.

Human has a pair of kidney located in the lumber region of the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity. They are bean-shaped and red in colour. The right kidney is more interior than the left.

The following are parts of the kidney and their luo names:

Human liver (Nyarogno    Dhano)

The liver (nyarogno) is the second largest organ after the skin and is a vital excetory organ. 

It lies immediately beneath the diaphragm and is made up of several lobes. It receives more blood per unit time than any other part of the body other than the heart.

It receives blood from two vessels, namely the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery. Blood flows out of the liver through the hepatic vein.

The liver consists of a large number of mobiles. Each lobule is made up of many liver cells called hepatocytes.

The cells are arranged radially around a central blood vessel, which is a branch of hepatic vein.

Human Heart (Chuny Dhano)

The Heart(chuny) is a mascular organ located in the chest cavity in between the lungs (obo). It pumps the blood to the whole body.

A translucent membrane called pericardium encloses the heart. Tje pericardial membrane secrets a fluid that lubricates the heart as it is working.  

External structure of the heart(chuny Dhano maoko)

The outer part of the membrane is covered with a layer of fat that acts as a shock absorber. This membrane also helps to keep the heart in position and checks on overstretching of the heart. The Heart is made up of special type of muscle called cardiac muscle that contains interconnected muscle fibres. These muscle fibres are supplied with blood through coronary artery.  Thecoronary artery branches from the aorta just beyond the semi-lunar valves. It forms branches, which runs on the heart surface and into the heart muscle before dividing into capillaries. The capillaries join up to form the coronary vein, which conveys blood to the right atrium.

External parts of the huma heart include;

Superior vena cava 

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Aorta

Artery head

Pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Coronary artery

Left ventricle

Internal structure of the heart(chuny Dhano maiye)

The human heart is composed of four chambers (chuny Dhano opogre ding'wen), two atria and two ventricles.  The atria forms the upper chambers while the ventricles form the lower chambers.

Atria are thin-walled and smaller in volume than the ventricles.

Internal parts of a human heart consist of;

Semi-lunar valve

Pulmonary artery 

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava 

Right atrium

Triscuspid valve

Right ventricle

Aorta

Pulmonary vein 

Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Valve tendon

Left ventricle 

How blood flows in the heart(kaka chuny Dhano go remo)

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body organs except the lung while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein.

The ventricles are composed of thick cardiac muscles. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. The volume of the leftventricle is smaller than that of the right ventricle. A thick muscular wall called the septum separates the left half of the heart from the right half.

This prevents the mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood. The thicker walls of the left ventricle enables it to generate the high pressure required to take blood to the distant body tissues. The right ventricle pumps blood for a short distance to the lungs hence the thin wall.

Between the atria and the ventricle are antrio-ventricular valves called Cupid valves that prevent the blood from flowing back into the atria when ventricles contract.  On the rightis the tricuspid valve and on the left is the bicuspid valve. These valves are supported by tendons, which are attached to the wall of the ventricle on each side of the heart. The tendons prevent the atrio-ventricular valve from turning inside out when under pressure when ventricles contract.

At the base of the pulmonary artery and the aorta are cup like valves called semi-lunar valves. These valves are opened by the force of the blood generated by contraction of the ventricles. The valves prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles when the ventricles relax.

Human Blood Vessels(Ler Mar Dhano)

The main blood vessels are:

1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins

Arteries 

Arteries are blood vessels that originate from the heart and carry blood away from the heart. 

Arteries are deep seated in the muscles. 

The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all body parts of the body except the lungs while the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Arteries have a thick muscular wall and a narrow lumen. The thick wall is to resist the high pressure of the blood inside the arteries. 

The artery wall has three layers. The innermost layer of the artery is the endothelial. It is composed of a single layer of cells. This layer is found in all blood vessels. It provides a smooth lining which offers the least possible frictional  eresistance to blood flow. The middle layer is composed of elastic fibres and smooth muscles. The outer layer is made up of inelastic collagen fibres.

When the ventricles contract, the muscular layer of arteries relaxes stretching outwards to allow blood into the arteries. When the ventricles relax, the muscular layer contracts, pressing inwards forcing the blood to flow toward. This produces the pulsating action in arteries. The muscular wall of the arteries is under the control of nerves and hormones that alter the diameter of the arteries. This plays a major role in regulating blood flow to the body organs.

The ability of arteries to alter the diameter of their lumen plays an Important role in regulating blood flow to the body organs. These branches divide to form small blood vessels known as arterioles. The arterioles branch further to form blood capillaries ramify the body tissues

Capillaries 

Capillaries form a very important part of the circulatory system. 

They are numerous and very close to the tissues in such a way that each cell is near a blood capillary. 

Exchange of substance between the tissues and the blood takes place across the capillary wall. This is possible due to the fact that the wall of capillaries is made up of the endothelial, which is it one cell thick. This provides the least distance for exchange of substance between the capillary and the cells.

The capillary walls are permeable to water and molecules of small size in solution.

Branching of arterioles into capillaries increases the surface area of the capillaries and the pressure of blood in them. The pumping force from the heart together with the narrow lumens of the capillary exert a high pressure that forces the fluid part of the blood to fitter out of the capillary walls into the intercellular space forming tissue fluid. This occur by ultra filtration also known as pressure filtration.

Tissue fluid is watery liquid that is similar to plasma in composition except that it lacks proteins, red blood cells and white blood cells. Phagocytic white blood cells are able to squeeze in between the cells of the capillary wall into the tissue fluid. 

The tissue fluid bathes cells of the tissues and form a medium of exchange of materials between the blood and the cells . From the tissue fluid, cells extract substances such as glucose, oxygen, amino acids, vitamins, hormones and mineral ions. Into the tissue fluid, the cells releases metabolic waste products like cabin (iv) oxide and urea.

Ultra filtration results in a drop in pressure such that at the venule end of the capillary bed, the blood pressure is lower than that of the tissue fluid. The proteins retained in the capillaries during formation of tissue fluid exert a high osmotic pressure at the venule end of the capillary. This  causes much of the tissue fluid yo be drawn back into thr blood stream by osmosis. Other substances suchas carbon (iv) oxide diffuse across the capillary wall into the blood.

The remaining tissue fluid drains into the blindly ending lymph vessels and joins the lymphatic system to form lymph. The lymph eventually joins the blood stream through the sub-clavian vein located in the kneckregion. The venule from the capillary bed join up to form larger vessels called veins.

Veins

Veins are blood vessels which carry blood from all parts of the body back to the heart. Veins tend to lie close to the body surface. The walls of the veins are thin with less elastic fibres. Their lumen is relatively wider compared to arteries. This offers minimum resistance to blood flow.

Blood pressure in the crisis very low due to the immense resistance to the flow of the capillary bed. To prevent back flow of blood and ensure that blood flows only towards the heart, veins have valves throughout their length.

In addition to the valves toward flow of blood in veins is maintained by contraction of skeletal muscles. Large veins for example in the legs(tiend dhano) and arms (bat dhano) are located j between the skeletal muscles. When the muscles contract they press the veins forcing the blood to flow towards the heart. This explains the need for physical exercise.

All veins carry deoxyganed blood except the pulmonary artery, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Generally blood in veins contains high level of metabolic wastes and low levels of nutrients.

Exceptions to these are the renal vein and the hepatic portal vein. Blood in the renal vein has low level of nitrogenous waste as these will have been removed in the kidney (nyarogno). The hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in nutrients that have been absobed at the gut (lokro).

Human Lungs (Obo Dhano)

Lungs are found in the chest cavity (obo ntiere e kor dhano). They are enclosed in a double membrane known as pleural membrane. One part of the membrane adheres tightly on to the lungs and other covers the inside of the thoracic cavity. The space between these membranes is known as the pleural cavity.  It is filled with pleural fluid, which reduces friction and therefore, makes the lungs to move freely in the chest cavity during breathing.

Within the lungs, each bronchus divides into small tubes called bronchioles.  TThe bronchioles branch and terminate in groups of tiny air sacs called alveoli (singular alveolus) hence the spongy nature of the lungs. The alveolus is covered by a fine network of blood capillaries.